Channel architecture with multiple signal processing branches for a given physical channel

ABSTRACT

A communication system includes a physical communication channel. A signal is transmitted across the communication channel from a transmit end of the channel to a receive end of the channel. A plurality of processing branches process the signal at the receive end of the communication channel. This reduces complexity of the receive channel, without reducing a bandwidth of the given communication channel, and without comprising performance.

BACKGROUND

Communication channels include transmit/receive channels. One example ofa communication channel is a read channel in a data storage system.While the present discussion can be applied to substantially anytransmit/receive channel, it will be described in the context of a readchannel used in a storage system, for the sake of example only.

Many computer systems currently use magnetic or optical storage media.There is also currently a large demand to increase storage space inorder to accommodate the storage of extensive applications, operatingsystems, and other information that may be desired by a user. This hasnaturally led to a desire to increase the areal density of data storagesystems, such as the magnetic or optical storage media. In fact, somedesigners of storage media have viewed the increase of areal density asa primary design consideration.

However, increasing bandwidth of any transmit/receive channel, includingincreasing areal density of storage media does present certain problems.For instance, architectures which can store more information oftenresult in more complex storage systems which are more costly, andrequire more power. In addition, read channel architectures which aredesigned to read data from the higher density storage media have alsobeen more complex, more costly, and often have increased powerrequirements.

Embodiments of the present system address these and other problems, andoffer other advantages over the prior art.

SUMMARY

A communication system includes a physical communication channel. Asignal is transmitted across the communication channel from a transmitend of the channel to a receive end of the channel. A plurality ofprocessing branches process the signal at the receive end of thecommunication channel. This reduces complexity of the receive end of thechannel, without reducing a bandwidth of the given communicationchannel, and without compromising performance.

Other features and benefits that characterize embodiments of the presentsystem will be apparent upon reading the following detailed descriptionand review of the associated drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a communication channel.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one illustrative embodiment of acommunication channel of the prior art.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of one illustrative embodiment of acommunication system in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one specific architectural implementationof the system shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates a two-branch implementation of the architecture shownin FIG. 4.

FIG. 5A is a plot of a frequency response of an analog front end (AFE)filter.

FIGS. 5B and 5C show plots of bit error rate versus signal-to-noiseratio.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a conventional magnetic recording channelused in the prior art.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of one illustrative embodiment of a two-branchimplementation of the architecture shown in FIG. 3.

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate a prior art preamplifier response and adesired preamplifier response, respectively.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate preamplifier response for a first and secondpreamplifier, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a two-branch implementation of another embodiment of thearchitecture shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 11 is a two-branch implementation of yet another embodiment of thearchitecture shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 12 is a two-branch implementation of yet another embodiment of thearchitecture shown in FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one illustrative embodiment of acommunication channel 100. Channel 100 includes transmit component 102,channel 104 and receive component 106. An input signal is provided totransmit component 102 where it is processed (such as encoded,amplified, conditioned, etc.) and provided to channel 104. Channel 104communicates the signal (according to some type of transition response)to receive component 106. Receive component 106 also performs processingon the signal, after it has passed through channel 104. Processing bycomponent 106 can include such things as amplifying, filtering,converting from an analog signal to a digital signal, equalizing thesignal, detecting the content of the signal, and decoding that content,by way of example.

While the present discussion can be applied to substantially anycommunication channel, it is described herein, by way of example only,in terms of a data storage system, such as a data storage system thatstores data using magnetic or optical storage media. Of course, this isnot to be construed in any way as limiting the claims or scope of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one conventional storage system 120. System120 includes one or more channel encoders 122, communication channel (orstorage system) 124 that, itself, includes write preamplifiers 126,write and read transducers and storage media 128, and read preamplifiers130. System 120 also includes an analog front end (AFE) filter 132,analog-to-digital converter 134, equalizer 136, detector 138, one ormore channel decoders 140, and timing recovery component 142. User bitsare first input to channel encoders 122 where they are encoded withchannel codes (such as modulation codes, inner and outer errorcorrection codes, etc.). The encoded bits are then conditioned, such asamplified by a write preamplifier 126. The bits are then written on therecording medium by using transducers, such as magneto resistivetransducers in a magnetic storage system. Up to this point processing ofthe user bits is referred to as the write process.

In order to recover the data written to the storage medium, a readprocess is used. In the read process, a read transducer, located inblock 128, accesses the desired information stored on the storage mediaand obtains a noisy readback signal corresponding to the user bitsencoded on the storage media. The output signal magnitude at the readtransducer 128 is then amplified by read preamplifier 130, before thesignal is sent to the remainder of the read channel.

The amplified noisy analog signal is then sent to the read channelarchitecture to be first processed by analog front end (AFE) filter 132.Filter 132 filters various components out of the read signal and thesignal is then digitized by analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 134. A/Dconverter 134 (also referred to as a sampler) is controlled by timingrecovery component 142. Component 142 estimates the sampling instancesusing any combination of the input signals shown in FIG. 1.

Once the signal is digitized, it is then equalized by equalizer 136. Theequalizer output is sent to detector 138 which detects the encoded bitstream in the equalized signal. Finally, the encoded bit stream is sentto channel decoder 140 which decodes the encoded signal to extract theuser information and provides an estimation of the user bits that wereoriginally input to the system.

For any given areal density target on the storage media, the purpose ofthe read channel architecture is to extract the user information with anacceptable error rate (performance), under worst case systemimperfections (under worst case reliability) for a given maximumallowable power and complexity (given a maximum cost). When the systemareal density is increased, the complexity and power of the read channelarchitecture, and hence the cost of the read channel architecture, isincreased for any given specified performance and reliability targets.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a general case of a read channelarchitecture in accordance with one embodiment, that allows arealdensities to be increased while maintaining relatively low power andcomplexity, or allows the power and complexity to be decreased for agiven areal density. FIG. 3 shows system 200 that includes input andwrite components 202 and read channel architecture 204. Input and writecomponents 202 are the same as those shown in FIG. 2, and are similarlynumbered. It will be noted, as in FIG. 2, components 122, 126 and 128form a single magnetic recording channel that encodes and records userbits on storage media. In other words, the write process is the same inFIG. 3 as that described above with respect to FIG. 2.

The read process, however, is different. In the embodiment shown in FIG.3, a read transducer 128 accesses the data stored on the storage mediumand obtains a noisy readback signal corresponding to the encoded userbits written on the storage medium. This is also similar to the processdescribed with respect to FIG. 2. However, from that point on, readchannel architecture 204 is somewhat different. Read channelarchitecture 204 includes a plurality (1-M) of signal processingbranches labeled 206, 208 and 210 in architecture 204. Branches 206-210may have different signals and impurity spectra, sampled by slowersamplers, and processed by different digital blocks. While the branches206-210 all include similar components in the embodiment shown in FIG.3, that need not be the case, as will be described below. For the sakeof the present explanation, however, it will be assumed that each branch206-210 has similar blocks. Each has a read preamplifier 212, AFE filter214, hybrid filter 216, A/D converter 218 and equalizer 220. Similarblocks in branches 208 and 210 are labeled 222-240, respectively.

The output of all of the equalizers 220, 230 and 240 is provided tosumming node 242. The signal from each equalizer is combined at node 242to form an output signal y(n) which is then provided to detector 138 andoptionally to timing recovery component 142.

The read channel architecture 204 shown in FIG. 3 is very flexible. Forinstance, architecture 204 can be modified to have only a single preampcomponent (such as preamp 130 in FIG. 2) but to have multiple A/Dsamplers 218, 228 and 238 whose outputs are then combined to beprocessed by a single branch of digital blocks 220, 230 and 240.Similarly, architecture 204 can be modified to have only a single preamp130, and a single A/D sampler (such as A/D sampler 134 in FIG. 2) butwith multiple branches for digital processing (such as multipleequalizers 220, 230 and 240). Different exemplary embodiments ofimplementing read channel architecture 204 are described below withrespect to FIGS. 4, 5, 7, and 10-12, and others could be used as well.

FIG. 4 shows one exemplary implementation of architecture 204 shown inFIG. 3. In FIG. 4, the architecture 204 is modified so that writepreamps 126, read/write transducers and channel 128 and read preamp 130,along with AFE filter 132, are the same as those shown in FIG. 2.However, the readback signal is sampled, after AFE filter 132, using ahybrid filter bank architecture shown in FIG. 4. Instead of having asingle A/D converter (or sampler) 134 as shown in FIG. 2, thearchitecture shown in FIG. 4 has a plurality of sampler branches 250,252, and 254. Branches 250-254 have a set 299 of analysis filters 256,258, and 260, along with a set 301 of synthesis filters 262, 264 and266. Each branch 250-254 also has an A/D converter 268, 270 and 272 andup sampling blocks 274, 276 and 278. The outputs of the synthesisfilters 262-266 are provided to a combining node 280 where the signalsare combined into an output signal y(n) which is provided to equalizer136.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the analog signal provided by AFEfilter 132 is sampled every T seconds. However, by replacing just thesingle A/D sampler 134 (in FIG. 2) which operates at the full samplingfrequency T of the system, with a hybrid filter bank architecture suchas that shown in FIG. 4, which employs M samplers 268-272, eachoperating at 1/Mth of the sampling frequency of the system, a number ofsignificant advantages can be derived. The sampling frequency of the A/Dsamplers 268-272 are M times slower than the single A/D sampler 134shown in FIG. 2. This reduces the complexity of the A/D filter blocksexponentially. Similarly, for sufficiently low sampling frequencies,sampling can be performed using more power efficient samplerarchitectures which are currently known (such as sigma-deltaarchitectures). In addition, the quantization level of A/D components268-272, in each branch 250-254, is based on user information, noisepower, distortion, and non-linearity modes of the noisy signal at eachbranch and can thus be changed on a branch-to-branch basis to reduce thecomplexity of the system.

A specific example of the architecture shown in FIG. 4 will now bedescribed. FIG. 5 shows a two-branch version of the architecture shownin FIG. 4. FIG. 5 will be described in contrast to a conventional readchannel sampling architecture shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 5, those itemsthat are similar to those shown in FIG. 4 are similarly numbered. Itwill be noted that both in FIGS. 5 and 6 encoder block 122 receives userbits labeled a_(k) and applies an illustrative function (1−D)/2 toobtain an encoded signal b_(k). The channel transition response u(t) isexhibited in write preamp and write transducer and media 126-128,respectively. The readback signal, generated by the read transducer, hasadditive noise n(t) added to it and this is represented by summing node300. The noisy readback signal is labeled r₀(t) and is provided to readpreamplifier 130. In FIG. 5, after being amplified by preamp 130 andfiltered by filter 132, the input signal x(t) is provided to the hybridfilter bank architecture 302. FIG. 6 shows a conventional read channelarchitecture, from the input a_(k) through the output of sampler (A/D)converter 134. It will be noticed that the difference is that the hybridfilter bank 302 shown (in FIG. 5) replaces the A/D sampler 134 (in FIG.6).

The effect on the complexity of the system, given the analog analysisfilter bank 299 and synthesis filter bank 301, will first be discussed.For the sake of discussion, it is assumed that AFE filter 132 is aseventh order Butterworth filter that has a magnitude of its frequencyresponse shown in FIG. 5A. FIG. 5A shows that AFE filter 132 is a simpleanalog low pass filter which as a cutoff frequency at the sampling clockfrequency. Filter 132 is primarily used to eliminate aliasing in thesystem by limiting the band of its input signal. It will also beassumed, for the sake of this discussion, that there is no preamplifieraffect (that is the preamplifier is an all-pass filter with zero phaseresponse) that there is no noise in the system (that is, no electronicand jitter noise), and that the A/D samplers have an infinite resolution(that is the signal is still discrete and not yet quantized). It willalso be assumed that analysis filters 256 and 258 in analysis filterbank 299 are finite impulse response (FIR) filters with order N. Theseanalysis filters are generally known as quaduriture mirror filters (QMF)and their synthesis filters 262 and 264 in synthesis filter bank 301 canbe chosen as follows:f ₁(n)=h ₁(N−n),f ₂(n)=(−1)^(n) h ₁(n)  Eq. 1

For a third order discrete-time filter H₁(z) and applying Daubechies'methodology by constraining H₁(z) by enforcing all the derivatives to be0 at ω=0, the following can be obtained.

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{h(0)} = \frac{1 - \sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2}}} \\{{h(1)} = \frac{3 - \sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2}}} \\{{h(2)} = \frac{3 + \sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2}}} \\{{h(3)} = \frac{1 + \sqrt{3}}{4\sqrt{2}}}\end{matrix} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

The coefficients of the other filters within the filter bankarchitecture can be found using the equations set out in Eq. 2.

Next, an appropriate discrete-time to continuous-time (i.e., fromz-transform to s-transform) transformation G(s) is found. G(s) convertsa discrete-time filter H(z) into a continuous-time filter H(s), whosefrequency response H(jω) accurately approximates that of a discrete-timefilter H(e^(jω)) within the integral −π≦ω<π. This transformation can bewritten as a ratio of polynomials in s as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{z^{- 1} = {{G(s)} = \frac{G_{B}(s)}{G_{A}(s)}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$

An example of such a transformation is given by:

$\begin{matrix}{{G_{1}(s)} = \frac{s^{2} - {5s} + 10.3}{s^{2} + {5s} + 10.3}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 4}\end{matrix}$

An approximation can be made to Eq. 4 by increasing the order of thetransformation from 2 in Eq. 4 to, for example, the 4^(th) order asgiven by:

$\begin{matrix}{{G_{2}(s)} = \frac{s^{4} - {18.8s^{3}} + {166s^{2}} - {711s} + 1543}{s^{4} + {18.8s^{3}} + {166s^{2}} + {771s} + 1543}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 5}\end{matrix}$

Also, it is assumed that the isolated transition response of thelongitudinal recording channel (usually known as a Lorenzian pulse) isgiven by:

$\begin{matrix}{{u(t)} = \frac{K}{1 + \left( \frac{2t}{{PW}_{50}} \right)^{2}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 6}\end{matrix}$

Where K is a scaling constant and PW₅₀ indicates the width of theLorenzian pulse at half of its peak value. Similarly, the transitionresponse for a perpendicular recording channel is given by:

$\begin{matrix}{{u(t)} = {{erf}\left( \frac{2t\sqrt{\ln\; 2}}{{PW}_{50}} \right)}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 7}\end{matrix}$

Where erf(.) is an error function which is defined by:

$\begin{matrix}{{{erf}(x)} = {\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}{\int_{0}^{x}{{\mathbb{e}}^{- t^{2}}\ {\mathbb{d}t}}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 8}\end{matrix}$

and

PW₅₀ determines the width of the derivative of the transition responseg(t) at half its maximum. The channel in FIG. 6 will be assumed to havea channel response u(t) as given in Eq. 7 within ND=PW₅₀/T equal to 2,wherein the ND ratio represents the normalized recording density whichdefines how many data bits can be packed within the resolution unitPW₅₀, and the dibit response is defined h(t)=u(t)−u(t−T). In otherwords, with ND=2, the PW₅₀ is equal to twice the desired sampling periodshown in the prior read channel architecture of FIG. 6. The magnitude ofthe error (the difference between y_(ref)(n) in FIG. 6 and y(n) in FIG.5) using the analysis filter set obtained by applying the transformationshown in Eq. 4 is much larger than the one obtained by applying thetransformation shown in Eq. 5. One has a standard deviation of around0.013 which corresponds to 37.8 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) using thedefinition below:

$\begin{matrix}{{SNR} = {10\;\log\;\frac{V^{2}}{\sigma_{e}^{2}}}} & {{{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 9}\;}\end{matrix}$Where σ_(e) ² is the electronic noise power in the pass band region ofthe filter, and V² is normalized to 1. The other has a standarddeviation of approximately 0.0007 which corresponds to 63 dB SNR. Thisimprovement comes with an increase in implementation costs as theanalysis filters obtained using Eq. 5 have an order 12 while the otherset have an order of 6.

Now the quantization level (the bit resolution of the A/D sampler shownin FIG. 6) will be analyzed as it relates to the system parameters, suchas channel normalized density (ND), electronic noise amount σ_(e), andthe jitter noise amount σ_(j). Again, it will be assumed for the sake ofthis analysis that the read preamplifier effect is 0 (i.e., thepreamplifier is an all-pass filter with 0 phase response). For a varietyof different combinations of ND, σ_(e) and σ_(j) values, a quantizationlevel q=7 in FIG. 6 (which means 7 bit resolution at the output of A/Dconverter 134 wherein 1 bit is for the sign and 6 bits are for thesignal amplitude) results in approximately 45 dB SNR equivalentquantization noise level. This is small enough to have a minimal affecton system performance.

Now, however, compare the architecture in FIG. 5 with the referencearchitecture in FIG. 6. The reference architecture has an A/D samplingevery sampling period T and has 128 quantization levels (i.e., theoutput of the sampler of the A/D sampler 134 can be represented with a 7bit register). With the quantization levels q1 and q2 for the A/Dconverters 268 and 270 shown in FIG. 5 also chosen to equal 7, thesystem provides approximately 45 dB SNR equivalent quantization noiselevel for the same variety of combinations of ND, σ_(e) and σ_(j) whichwere tried for the conventional architecture shown in FIG. 6. While thisdoes not gain in terms of the effective quantization levels, it stillreduces the complexity because the two samplers 268 and 270 areoperating at half the sampling frequency and are therefore less complexthan a single A/D sampler 134 operating at full sampling frequency,since the complexity of samplers increases exponentially with samplingfrequency. Therefore, simply by providing the architecture shown in FIG.5, significant reduction in complexity can be obtained over that shownin FIG. 6, for the A/D samplers 268 and 270.

It will also be noted, however, that the values of q1 and q2 for A/Dsamplers 268 and 270 in FIG. 5 can be reduced for some systemparameters. For instance, it has been seen that the signal beingprocessed has a very small component left at the spectrum of the H₂(s)filter 258 where ND is equal to 3. This means that a smaller value of q₂for A/D sampler 270, can be chosen. In one specific embodiment, q₂ ischosen to be 6 instead of 7. This still provides approximately 44 dB SNRequivalent quantization noise level, and this is still small enough tohave minimal affect on the system performance, while reducing the systemcomplexity (because the quantization level q2 has been reduced).

In addition, in a real world environment, the specific filter pass bandwill likely be corrupted by noise and therefore the quantization q2 canbe further reduced based on the specific detection and decodingalgorithms that follow the sampler 270. For instance, for a PRMLdetection algorithm that has a 21 tap equalizer, equalizing the channelto a programmable target of length 5, followed by a Viterbi detector,the bit error rate versus SNR performance plots at ND equal to 3,corrupted only by electronic noise, are shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C. FIG.5B shows the plot for the conventional architecture shown in FIG. 6,while FIG. 5C shows the plot for the architecture described with respectto FIG. 5. The plots are for a variety of different A/D samplerquantization levels.

It can be seen that reducing the resolution of A/D sampler 134 in theconventional architecture of FIG. 6 to six bits can be done withoutsignificantly affecting the performance of the system. However, if thequantization level is reduced to five bits, significant performance islost. The same behavior can be observed for the architecture shown inFIG. 5, if both q1 and q2 are chosen to be the same levels. However,they need not be. Instead, the architecture of FIG. 5 providesadditional flexibility such that the effective quantization level can bereduced by only reducing the quantization level q2. For example, bychoosing q1 and q2 as the quantization levels for samplers 268 and 270to be 6 and 4, respectively, the effective quantization level of thesystem is still 5, and the performance of the system is much better thanchoosing q1 and q2 both to be equal to 5 (which is equivalent tochoosing the quantization level of sampler 134 in FIG. 6 to be five).

In fact, q2 can be further reduced. For example, choosing q2 to be equalto 3 provides very comparable performance while the effectivequantization level of the system is reduced to 4.5, overall. Similarly,q2 can be chosen to be 2 if the performance loss is acceptable. In thatinstance, the effective quantization level of the system is equal to 4,and the performance of the architecture shown in FIG. 5 at thisquantization level is much better than the performance of thearchitecture show in FIG. 6 when the quantization level q of the singleA/D sampler 134 is chosen as 4.

It will also be noted that the system behavior changes with the realchannel. For instance, if ND is changed to 1.5 from 3, the behavior ofthe conventional architecture shown in FIG. 6 and the architecture shownin FIG. 5 will change as well. The quantization levels q1 and q2 canthen be chosen accordingly, given those circumstances.

Thus, in general, the architecture shown in FIG. 5 provides extraflexibility to choose the quantization values for samplers 268 and 270(q1 and q2) for a given system with its noise, distortions,non-linearities, etc. This leads to a reduction in the complexity of thesamplers without making the quantization noise be the dominantimperfection in the system, and without significantly affecting theoverall performance of the system.

FIG. 5 above focuses on only analog-to-digital sampler (A/D block 132)and utilized a hybrid filter bank architecture to reduce the cost ofsuch a system. However, the same type of technology can be applied toread preamplifier 130 and analog front end (AFE) filter 132 in order toreduce the complexity of those functions as well. FIG. 7 shows anotherchannel architecture in which not only is A/D component 134 replaced bythe two branches (previously shown in FIG. 5), but read preamplifier 130and AFE filter 132 are now replaced by read preamplifiers 212 and 222,and AFE filters 214 and 224, respectively. Of course, the cost functionsand transfer functions of the preamplifiers are incorporated intodesigning the appropriate analysis and synthesis filter banks 299 and301, respectively.

By providing multiple preamplifiers and AFE filters in the processingbranches, a number of additional advantages are obtained over and abovethose found in the architecture shown in FIG. 5. Complexity ofpreamplifier circuits is exponentially reduced by relaxing the cutofffrequency and passband constraints. By increasing the number ofpreamplifiers in the system, in order to relax those constraints, thesystem has multiple, relatively simple, preamplifiers as compared to asystem having one, very complex preamplifier, with very tight cutoff andpassband constraints. The affect of the passband and cutoff frequencyconstraints on complexity becomes even more pronounced as data rateincreases. Therefore, the overall complexity of the preamplifieroperation in the architecture shown in FIG. 7 is reduced over that shownin FIG. 5, because multiple preamplifiers 212 and 222 are providedinstead of the single preamplifier 130.

In addition, the complexity of preamplifiers 212 and 222, in eachbranch, can be further reduced and optimized considering the noise levelof the preamplifier together with the signal and impurities (such asnoise, distortions, and non-linearities) in the system at the specificbranch and the specific quantization level of the sampler used in thatbranch. In a similar way, the complexity of the APE filters 214 and 224is also reduced as the constraints in the processing branch are relaxed.

More specifically, consider again read preamplifier 130 shown in FIG. 6.For conventional trans-resistant preamplifier designs for a givenacceptable preamplifier SNR and gain factor, the signal bandwidth cannotbe increased as much as desired, because after some point, thepreamplifier 130 becomes unstable. This requires either a more complexdesign or a more expensive process to design the circuitry, or both.These increase the overall system cost. Conventional preamplifier 130also has highpass poles which filter out low frequency content of theinput signal. However, in some recording architectures, such asperpendicular recording, useful user information is provided at lowfrequencies and requires preamplifier designs with small highpass poles.This places an extra constraint on the design of preamplifier 130 which,again, becomes even more pronounced with increase in signal bandwidth(i.e., system throughput).

The same can be said for the AFE filter block 132. Having a constantripple during its passband, while maintaining a sharp lowpass cutoff athigher signal bandwidths, requires a more costly design.

Each processing branch in FIG. 7 will now be considered, in conjunctionwith the frequency response of the filters H₁(s) and H₂(S) in analysisfilter bank 258. In one embodiment, H₁(s) is designed such that itexhibits a lowpass behavior between 0 and π with a cutoff frequency atπ/2. Lowpass AFE filter 214 with cutoff frequency at π/2 is sufficientto filter out the unpredictable behaviors of H₁(s) beyond π/2. Thisreduces the required bandwidth of filter 214 from π (which it would bein the prior art system of FIG. 6) to π/2, which reduces the cost offilter 214. In the first branch preamplifier 212 is also needed, whichis required to amplify the signal components between 0 and π/2 with therequired reduced highpass pole constraints instead of between 0 and πwith the same reduced highpass pole constraints (as in FIG. 6). Thisagain results in cost reduction for the preamplifier design.

In the second branch, the analysis filter 258 is designed such thatH₂(s) exhibits a highpass behavior between 0 and π with a cutofffrequency of π/2. Thus, a high pass AFE filter 224 with a cut offfrequency at π is sufficient to filter out the unpredictable behaviorsof H₁(s) beyond π. Behavior of filter 224 at frequencies below π/2 canbe anything, which helps reduce the cost of filter 224. Preamplifier 222is needed in this branch to amplify the signals with frequencycomponents between π/2 and π. This means that its low cutoff frequencyrequirement does not need to be very tight, because this pole can be ashigh as π/2 which increases the yield of the preamplifiers, thusreducing the cost.

To further illustrate the cost reduction for the preamplifiers 212 and222, assume that the design of FIG. 7 is done with the desire to doublethe sampling frequency from f_(H) to 2×f_(H). In that case, apreamplifier design with a conventional frequency response (shown inFIG. 8A) that is designed for a system with a sampling frequency off_(H), is inadequate. Instead, a preamplifier with a frequency responseof 2×f_(H) (shown in FIG. 8B) is required. The cost of such apreamplifier circuit increases primarily for two reasons. First, themaximum frequency that the preamplifier must support has doubled, whichmost notably necessitates a more expensive process. Second, thebandwidth has increased as well, and the yield of the preamplifierproduction will be reduced because having a stable design with thepredefined preamplifier SNR and gain factor becomes more difficult tosatisfy.

For the architecture shown in FIG. 7, on the other hand, the frequencyresponses for preamplifiers 212 and 222 is shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B,respectively. As seen in FIG. 9A, preamplifier 212 for H₁(s) is the sameas the preamplifier response in the conventional system (shown in FIG.8A). There is no need for anymore expensive process than is alreadybeing used, in order to obtain this preamplifier. In fact, the existingprocess provides acceptable circuitry, with acceptable yield figures. Onthe other hand, the preamplifier 222 for H₂(s) requires a more expensiveprocess. However, the low frequency cutoff value is much higher thanthat shown in FIG. 8B (or, similarly, the required bandwidth ofpreamplifier 212 did not increase at all, over that shown in FIG. 8A).This means that the yield of the slightly more expensive processrequired to manufacture preamplifier 222 will be much higher than theyield of a process required to manufacture a preamplifier having afrequency response shown in FIG. 8B.

FIG. 10 shows yet another embodiment of architecture 204 shown in FIG.3. The architecture shown in FIG. 10 is similar to that shown in FIG. 5,except that different digital signal processing branches are alsoprovided. The digital signal processing branches include equalizerblocks 220 and 230, respectively. Of course, the architecture shown inFIG. 10 could include multiple preamplifiers and AFE filters, for thesingle physical channel, as well. However, for the sake of the presentdiscussion, it is shown with a single preamplifier 130 and AFE filter132.

The architecture shown in FIG. 10 has many of the same advantagesdescribed with respect to the other architectures discussed above.However, it also provides some additional advantages. Because there aremultiple equalizers 220 and 230 for a given physical channel, thesedigital domain blocks work at a slower clock rate than those in whichonly a single equalizer is provided (such as that shown in FIG. 2). Thisresults in a reduction of the overall implementation complexity, andtherefore a reduction in cost.

In addition, based on the amount of signal, noise, distortion, andnonlinearities in each branch in the architecture shown in FIG. 10, therequired equalization strength for a given performance, hence the numberof equalizer taps may differ. Reducing the number of taps for differentbranches in the architecture shown in FIG. 10 results in an overallreduction in system complexity as well.

Further, the timing recovery circuit 142 has access to the signalsamples effectively sampled at every other T seconds, while it controlssamplers operating M times slower than the sampling times of the inputsignal (where M is the number of branches). This means that thearchitecture of timing recovery circuit 142 has access to more signalsbetween the two consecutive sampling instances of the samplers 268 and270. This provides more accurate estimation of timing errors in thesystem, and thus improves the overall system performance andreliability. This increase can, of course, be traded to further reducethe overall complexity of the system.

The amount of information about user data, noise, distortion, andnon-linearity components at each branch, will be different. This meansthat the functions at each branch, and the overall architecture, can beoptimized in terms of complexity for given performance and reliability.Some functional blocks might not even be necessary in some branches.

For example, the timing recovery component 142 may extract the samplinginstances using one (or some) branches in the architecture shown in FIG.10, and control the samplers in all other branches based on thosesamples. For instance, where architecture 10 is implemented with Mprocessing branches, timing recovery circuit 142 may be applied only onthe Mth branch, and its output is used to control timing in all otherbranches. This, of course, would result in a timing recovery circuit 142with a complexity that is significantly reduced over one that considerssignals from each branch.

Further, thermal asperity detection and cancellation can be optimized aswell. Most of the energy of thermal asperity lies in low frequencybands, and very little is left on high frequencies. Therefore, for thebranches in any of the architectures mentioned above that span lowfrequencies, thermal asperity detection and cancellation algorithms canbe designed to operate very accurately, while in other branches they maynot even need to be implemented.

Similarly, baseline wander cancellation can be implemented in the sameway. For instance, most of the energy of baseline wander also lies inlow frequencies, and cancellation algorithms for canceling this specifictype of distortion might not even be implemented in the branches that donot span the lower frequencies.

An example may be helpful. FIG. 11 is similar to that shown in FIG. 10,and similar items are correspondingly numbered. However, FIG. 11 alsoincludes thermal asperity detection and cancellation component 380.Assume for the architecture shown in FIG. 11 that ND=PW₅₀/T which isequal to 1, and the channel has only a small amount of electronic noisecorresponding to 30 dB SNR on top of thermal asperity and baselinewander effects.

In conventional systems, the effects of thermal asperity on systemperformance have been analyzed, and known methods have been proposed tocancel its affects. A realization of the effects of thermal asperity onthe signal x(t) in FIG. 11 is that most of its energy is at lowfrequencies, which means that the thermal asperity effect will bepreserved in the branches which pass low frequencies. However, for thebranches in the architecture with analysis filters which filter out lowfrequencies, the thermal asperity effect will also be filtered out.Therefore, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, thermal asperitydetection and cancellation component 380 applies thermal asperitydetection and cancellation algorithms only where the thermal asperityeffect is still present (in the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the firstbranch of the architecture). Thermal asperity need not even beconsidered in the other processing branches, where there is no thermalasperity effect. Since thermal asperity detection and cancellationcomponent 380 is only applied in one branch, and since that branch onlyneeds to support a sample with half the sampling rate, compared tohaving a one branch architecture which operates at the full samplingrate, the implementation complexity (such as the process for generatingthe analog circuits, the buffer size, etc.) of thermal asperitydetection and cancellation component 380 can be significantly decreasedover one used in prior systems. This reduces the overall cost of thesystem without compromising system performance.

The same type of considerations can be made for components that addressbaseline wander distortions. For purposes of the present explanation,the baseline wander effects resulting from the highpass poles of thepreamplifier 130 in the system are considered. FIG. 12 shows oneembodiment of an architecture that can be used to deal with this type ofbaseline wander distortion. The items shown in FIG. 12 are similar tothose shown in FIG. 11, and are correspondingly numbered. However,baseline wander correction component 390 is also included in the samesignal processing branch as that which contains thermal asperitydetection and cancellation component 380. Of course, the two componentsneed not be in the same branch, and they are only shown that way forexample and discussion purposes.

As with thermal asperity detection and cancellation, baseline wanderimpurity has been generally addressed by some known algorithms. Thebaseline wander effect is more pronounced with data sequences that haveconsecutive 1 s or −1 s. Similar to thermal asperity, the effect ofbaseline wander is located more within low frequency bands, and theeffects are preserved at the output of H₁(s) in FIG. 12, since H₁(s) isbasically a lowpass filter. However, H₂(s) filters out most of thebaseline wander components. Thus, the baseline wander effects are mainlyobserved only on the lower frequency processing branch of thearchitecture shown in FIG. 12. Thus, baseline wander correctioncomponent 390 is provided in that branch, to implement correctionalgorithms that address the effects of baseline wander distortion.Component 390 need not be applied in both branches of the architectureshown in FIG. 12 for the same reasons that thermal asperity detectionand correction component 380 need not be applied in both branches.

Thus, baseline wander can be sufficiently addressed, at a significantlyreduced complexity.

It can thus be seen that multiple branches of processing circuitry for asingle given communication channel, using the architecture discussedherein, can be utilized to provide embodiments with less complex systemsolutions for processing the readback signal as well as to addressspecific impurities, without compromising system performance andreliability. Of course, the final embodiment of the architecture, forany given system, may be different than that discussed herein, or it caninclude a variety of different combinations of the architecturesdiscussed herein, as desired.

It will also be noted, of course, that although the present discussionhas proceed primarily with respect to a magnetic recording channel, anytype of transmit/receive channel can benefit from the presentarchitecture, as discussed is above with respect to FIG. 1.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed asexample forms of implementing the claims.

It is to be understood that even though numerous characteristics andadvantages of various embodiments of the invention have been set forthin the foregoing description, together with details of the structure andfunction of various embodiments of the invention, this disclosure isillustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially inmatters of structure and arrangement of parts within the principles ofthe present invention to the full extent indicated by the broad generalmeaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed. Forexample, the particular elements may vary depending on the particularapplication for the communication channel system while maintainingsubstantially the same functionality without departing from the scopeand spirit of the present invention. In addition, although the preferredembodiment described herein is directed to a recording channel for datastorage, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that theteachings of the present invention can be applied to systems havingother communication channels, without departing from the scope andspirit of the present invention.

1. A system comprising: a plurality of signal processing branchesprocessing a signal, each of the plurality of signal processing branchesincluding at least one signal processing component that performs asignal processing operation on different portions of the signal andprovides an output signal by combining outputs from the signalprocessing components from the plurality of signal processing branches,each of the plurality of parallel signal processing branches including:a preamplifier that amplifies the signal, each preamplifier having afrequency response that is different from a frequency response of otherpreamplifiers in other signal processing branches, wherein the frequencyresponses of the preamplifiers in all of the plurality of signalprocessing branches together define a cumulative passband that passessignals with components in a desired frequency range, and the frequencyresponses for each individual preamplifier defining a passband thatspans less than the desired frequency range.
 2. The system of claim 1wherein there are M signal processing branches, wherein the signal isreceived from at least one channel that transmits information at a clockrate, and wherein the at least one signal processing componentcomprises: a sampler, in each of the M plurality of signal processingbranches, sampling the signal at one Mth of the clock rate.
 3. Thesystem of claim 2 wherein each sampler comprises: an analysis filter; ananalog-to-digital converter coupled to the analysis filter; and asynthesis filter coupled to the analog-to-digital converter.
 4. Thesystem of claim 2 wherein each sampler samples the signal at aquantization level, such that a combination of the quantization levelsfor all samplers determines an effective quantization level for thesystem.
 5. The system of claim 4 wherein a quantization level for atleast one of the samplers is different from a quantization level for atleast another of the samplers.
 6. The system of claim 2 wherein the atleast one signal processing component comprises: a front end filter,coupled to the preamplifier in each of the M signal processing branches,each front end filter having a frequency response that substantiallymatches the frequency response of the preamplifier to which the frontend filter is coupled.
 7. The system of claim 2 wherein the at least onesignal processing component comprises: a digital signal equalizer,coupled to the sampler in each of the plurality of signal processingbranches.
 8. The system of claim 7 and further comprising: a timingrecovery component configured to receive a timing signal from fewer thanall of the plurality of signal processing branches and to control timingin all of the signal processing branches, based on the timing signalreceived.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein individual ones of theplurality of signal processing branches have processing components thatperform different operations on the signal being processed thanoperations in other ones of the plurality of signal processing branches,to address distortions that occur in fewer than all of the signalprocessing branches.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the processingcomponents in individual ones of the signal processing branches compriseat least one of a thermal asperity correction component and a baselinewander correction component.
 11. A communication channel systemcomprising: a channel; and a receive system, coupled to the channel,receiving an input signal transmitted through the channel, the receivesystem comprising: parallel signal processing branches that each processa different portion of the input signal from portions processed by othersignal processing branches, the receive system combining outputs fromthe signal processing branches to obtain an output signal that is anestimate of the input signal, wherein the signal processing branchescomprise: a first signal processing branch having a processing componentthat performs an operation on a first portion of the input signal basedon signal distortion in the first portion; and a second signalprocessing branch having a processing component that performs anoperation, different than the operation performed on the first portion,on a second portion of the input signal based on signal distortions inthe second portion; and a timing recovery component configured toreceive a timing signal from at least one, but not all, of the signalprocessing branches and to control timing in a plurality of the signalprocessing branches based on the timing signal.
 12. The communicationchannel system of claim 11 wherein each of the parallel signalprocessing branches comprises: a sampling component sampling the signaltransmitted by the channel at a sampling rate that is less than atransmission rate of the channel.
 13. The communication channel systemof claim 11 wherein the parallel signal processing branches comprise: ahybrid filter bank having an analysis filter and a synthesis filter ineach of the parallel signal processing branches.
 14. The communicationchannel system of claim 11 wherein the processing components in the oneor more signal processing branches comprise at least one of a thermalasperity correction component and a baseline wander correctioncomponent.
 15. A receive-side processing system comprising: a pluralityof parallel signal processing branches, each of the plurality ofparallel signal processing branches including at least one signalprocessing component that performs a same signal processing operation ondifferent portions of the input signal received from the channel in thecommunication system; a timing recovery component configured to receivea timing signal from at least one, but not all of the plurality ofsignal processing branches and to control timing in all of the pluralityof signal processing branches based on the timing signal received; and acomponent configured to combine outputs from the plurality of signalprocessing branches to obtain an output signal that is an estimate ofthe input signal.
 16. The receive-side processing system of claim 15,wherein the channel comprises a read channel for a data storage systemreceiving a signal from a data storage medium.
 17. The receive-sideprocessing system of claim 15, further comprising: at least onepreamplifier configured to amplify at least a portion of an input signalreceived from a channel in a communication system.
 18. The receive-sideprocessing system of claim 17, wherein the at least one preamplifiercomprises a plurality of preamplifiers, each of the plurality ofparallel signal processing branches including one of the plurality ofpreamplifiers configured to amplify the portion of the input signalprocessed by the signal processing branch.